10 Şubat 2019 Pazar

amazon highlights: How To Lead Unwilling Followers / Frank McKinley / 2014


Chapter One: How to Say What You Mean Every Time
Much of the hurt in our lives comes because we don't say what we want.
1. Keep it Simple and Direct.
2. Risk Offending for the Right Reasons.
3. Always Apologize When You're Wrong.
When you have to say the right thing that might hurt, try your best to keep it short. If you can use the other person's logic to show why the right thing is better, then you can probably win over the world to your leadership. And if you can say what you mean regularly, your people will always be able to trust you. Why? Because you won't be full of surprises. They'll know you'll tell them the truth. And they'll see you as a problem solver.

Chapter Two: How to Be Consistent in an Ever-Changing World
When you're a leader, people look to you to make decisions. They want to know what is on the agenda for today. What's the plan? What direction are we going? Why are we here?     If you want to establish your authority, you've got to be able to answer those questions.
Be Consistent
1. Decide what's important and what isn't. Remember, having a map will get you somewhere faster than not having one will.
2. Make the decisions that match your stated priorities - and don't ever back down.
3. Always do what you say you will no matter what. The mark of a mature leader is that she doesn't let life's irritations, inside or outside the workplace, deter her from her goals.
4. Plan ahead for how you'll handle conflicts and challenges. While you can't plan for everything, you can budget for uncertainties.
When your team knows what to expect from you, they'll feel more secure. They may not like you, but they'll know they can trust you. They might even think you're mean, but they'll never be able to say you're unfair or that you're a liar.

Chapter Three: How to Get Along When You Don't See Eye to Eye
The Biggest Barrier to Progress
1. understand that you can't get along with everybody.
2. realize that you can't agree with everyone about everything.
3. you aren't going to like everybody.
Getting Along With Those Who Disagree With You
1. Listen to what she has to say, without judging.
2. Respect her enough to see her opinion is as valuable as yours.
3. Find the common ground and make your moves from there.

Chapter Four: When is Change Worth Arguing About?
3 Ways to Pick Your Battles Wisely
First, ask yourself, “Is it important enough to fight about?”
 “Will doing this someone else's way be wrong?”
 “Will taking this risk be worth it?”

Chapter Five: How to Respect a Coworker You Don't Like and Still Move Forward
Three Reasons Why You Should Forget You Can't Stand That Annoying Coworker
1. As people, they have value.
2. Everyone's opinion matters.
3. Remember that when you don't like a suggestion someone makes, she may be right.
Now Move Ahead

Chapter Six: Set Boundaries that Empower People and Avoid Conflict
3 Ways Rules Help You Make the Most of Your Organization
First, they can empower people to do their jobs better.
Second, rules remove the need for conflict over those areas that are already clear.
Third, they provide leaders a framework to better do their own job of assessing their people's performance.

Chapter Seven: How to Transform Conflict into Opportunity
Conflict is part of life, like it or not. No matter how well you plan out your life, it probably won't turn out exactly as you planned. When it comes to work, we engage in conflict for three main reasons. The first is enforcement of a rule, policy, or standard. The second reason we fight is to set a new standard. The third reason we fight is to grow. How can you be sure you don't make the conflict personal and abusive?
First, make use of "I" statements. For example, rather than say, "You make me angry", you would say, "I feel angry about this."
Second, don't characterize someone's arguments.
Third, listen intently.
Leaders are listeners. They listen because they are learners. And since you can only learn so much from yourself, you need other people to make you sharper. So let others have their say – and listen intently.
When you have a conflict, do your best to keep it short.     When it's over, you need to clean up quickly.
Margaret Heffernan, bestselling author and businesswoman said, "For good ideas and true innovation, you need human interaction, conflict, argument, debate."

Chapter Eight: Conflict is Bound to Happen. Are You Ready?
The world is always changing.

Chapter Nine: The Best Leaders Focus on Three Simple Things
People
The Good of the Organization: When you let people know they matter, and that you are after the good of the organization, there's almost no limit to what you can accomplish.
Zero Tolerance for People Spreading Poison: Let Them Know You Care Today

amazon highlights: 10 Management Models / Fons Trompenaars / 2014


 ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory.’ KURT LEWIN

A ‘model’ is a representation of certain elements of a system, selected for experimenters to explore and/or describe specific aspects of the system for a particular purpose. They are not built to represent the complete system. Thus ‘symbolic models’ are constructed from mathematical (symbols) equations, such as a macro-economic model. It can also be diagrammatic, like office layout plans. Multidimensional matrix models can represent the competing demands of customers, shareholders, employees and society at large. 
The only single total model of leadership is a good leader.

By testing and improving models to see if they are both reliable and valid, we can try to build models that work in a wide range of situations, over and above where they were first developed. Models of motivation, for example, tell us that just paying people more money does not necessarily increase performance or motivation, but praise given in front of others and more responsibility generally do in a global context.

Modern society increasingly sets paradoxical challenges: think globally and act locally, make a profit while being sustainable, maintain a convincing grand strategy and yet be responsive and agile, nurture innovation while maintaining tradition, encourage diversity as well as a coherent culture. The challenge is to avoid a zero-sum game, where one entity wins and one loses; to reconcile dilemmas through a creative and intellectual dialogue, creating a win-win situation.

Evolution of management theories and models
Theories are developed to understand the world. Models are the testable summaries of theories, functioning in social science as instruments to improve organizations.

1. The genius of the Great Entrepreneurs (most prominent 1850–1940): American economic giants. what made them successful seemed almost wholly mysterious and it was hard to explain their brilliant business accomplishments.

2. Measuring results through ‘scientific management’ (most prominent 1900–1930, yet still with us): Frederick Winslow Taylor is often seen as the father of this discipline, although he preferred to describe his approach as ‘managing scientifically’. Different ways of producing goods were measured and compared to one another in ‘time and motion studies’ in order to ‘scientifically’ measure the most efficient production processes.

3. Acknowledging human potential and human relationships (since the 1920s): The conclusion drawn was that the group of women had grown to like and trust each other and the researchers, so that regardless of the variables, it was better human relations that had transformed the situation. Mayo concluded that people don’t behave like machines. Today, management theorists refer to this phenomenon as the Hawthorne effect, named after the location where these studies were first conducted. marking a swing in business management studies from a science perspective to the humanities and arts.

4. Strategic planning envisioned in terms of ‘the art of war’ (prominent 1960–1980): America needed to show its superiority to the Soviet Union and prove that it could ‘deliver the goods’ better than its rival. The notion that economic rivalry was in some respects a military-style engagement grew in popularity.

5. Putting the customer first (since the 1980s): ‘made in Japan’ By the late 1980s, it had become a mark of high quality, not only in the final product, but also in ways of working. Customers would be the first to warn you if things were not up to standard. Six Sigma quality circles became the norm, with defects falling to one in a million.

6. Globalism and diversity (gained prominence from the late 1980s onwards): International organizations like the IMF, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization were safely in American hands, and bailed out nations on condition that they cut back state expenditure on social projects and embrace free-market ideologies. The best leader was an internationalist, part diplomat, part translator, part intermediary, part negotiator. He or she needed cross-cultural competence, thinking globally while acting locally.

7. “Greed is good” (very prominent from the 1980s until 2007): The whole purpose of business was to make money. The bottom line was the ultimate embodiment of all other concerns. Financial performance is an important result, but by no means the only one. Pragmatism is essential.

8. 3Ps: People, Planet, Profit (since the 1970s, but dominating since the twenty-first century): Increasingly, there is demand for a new kind of leadership that can deal with a wide variety of stakeholders, managing the triple bottom line: harmonizing the interests of people, the planet and corporate profit. In order to do this, leaders must innovate – not just new products, but new industrial processes; in new factories, with new machines, new business and production models in which every material/component is utilized in an ever-functional cycle, rather than using up finite resources, in order to be attentive to the needs of all parties.

Crisis and failure are not yet eliminated in modern society. Theories or models can give guidance, but they don’t give guarantees. We have a persistent habit of reducing everything to its supposed fundamentals.

MODEL 1: The Bottom of the Pyramid, C.K. Prahalad (2002)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can one create wealth by doing business with the 4 billion people at the bottom of the financial pyramid?

In economics, the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) is the largest but poorest socio-economic group, comprising around four billion people who live on less than a few dollars per day. To enable poor people to use their buying power, Prahalad suggests making use of the following twelve building blocks. Solutions must:
Be low-priced; Merge old and new technology; Be scalable and transportable across countries, cultures and languages;
Be eco-friendly; Put functionality above form; Be based on innovative processes; Use deskilled work;
Educate customers; Work in hostile environments; Be flexible with interfaces;
Be available for the highly dispersed rural market as well as highly dense urban markets; Be fit for rapid evolution.

MODEL 2: Multiple Stakeholder Sustainability, Fons Trompenaars and Peter Woolliams (2010)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can I assess the most significant organizational dilemmas resulting from conflicting stakeholder demands and also assess organizational priorities to create sustainable performance?

The future strength of an organization depends on the way leadership and management deal with the tensions between the five major entities facing any organization: efficiency of business processes, people, clients, shareholders and society. The authors have developed a sustainability scan to use when making a diagnosis. This scan reveals:
The major dilemmas and how people perceive the organization’s position in relation to these dilemmas; The corporate culture of an organization and their openness to the reconciliation of the major dilemmas; The competence of its leadership to reconcile these dilemmas. After the diagnosis, the organization can move on to reconciling the major dilemmas that lead to sustainable performance. To this end, the authors developed a dilemma reconciliation process.

MODEL 3: Reverse Innovation, Vijay Govindarajan (2009)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can reverse innovation create growth?

Govindarajan observes the following evolution: from globalization (richer countries that export what they use themselves) came glocalization (adaption to local needs on a global scale), followed by local innovation (emerging markets increasingly innovate themselves), which is making way for reverse innovation (emerging markets dominate innovation). Govindarajan and Trimble (2012) cover nine rules ‘that will guide your innovation efforts’, in three categories, that can be summarized as follows:
Strategy: To grow in emerging markets, innovate, not simply export; grow from innovations in emerging market to other emerging markets; beware of small but fast-growing companies in emerging markets;
Global organization: Move resources to where growth is; create a reverse innovation mindset; focus in these markets on growth metrics;
Project organization: Stimulate an entrepreneurial ‘start-up’ spirit; leverage resources through partnerships; resolve critical unknowns quickly and inexpensively.

MODEL 4: Blue Ocean Strategy, W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne (2005)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can we create a long-term plan for sustained competitive advantage by focusing on new markets, without focusing on competition?

In blue oceans, organizations invent and capture new demand, and offer customers a leap in value while also streamlining costs. The central idea is to stop competing in overcrowded industries, so-called ‘red oceans’, where companies try to outperform rivals to grab bigger slices of existing demand. Blue Ocean Strategies result in better profits, speedier growth and brand equity that lasts for decades while rivals scramble to catch up. Eliminate factors in your industry that no longer have value; Reduce factors that over-serve customers and increase cost structure for no gain; Raise factors that remove compromises buyers must make; Create factors that add new sources of value. importance of alignment across the value, profit and people propositions, regardless of whether one takes the structuralist (traditional competitive, Porter-like) or the reconstructionist (blue ocean) approach to strategy. make the competition irrelevant by creating a leap in value for both your organization and your customers.

The logic behind Blue Ocean Strategy is counter-intuitive, since blue oceans seldom result from technological innovation. Often, the underlying technology already exists and blue ocean creators link it to what buyers value. Most blue oceans are created from within, not beyond, the red oceans of existing industries. Blue Ocean Strategy is an inspiring way to look afresh at familiar environments with a view to finding a competitive edge.

MODEL 5: Six Stages of Social Business Transformation, Charlene Li and Brian Solis (2013)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can organizations optimize engagement with their target audience through social media?

Planning – ‘Listen and learn’: Ensure commitment to get the business social. Presence – ‘Stake our claim’: Evolution from planning to action, establishing a formal and informed presence in social media;
Engagement – ‘Dialogue deepens relationships’: Commitment where social media is seen as a critical element in relationship-building; Formalized – ‘Organize for scale’: A formalized approach focuses on three key activities: establishing an executive sponsor, creating a centre of excellence and establishing organization-wide governance;
Strategic – ‘Become a social business’: Social media initiatives gain visibility and real business impact.
Converged – ‘Business to social’: Having cross-functional and executive support, social business strategies start to weave into the fabric of an evolving organization.
A model to measure current engagement of an organization with its target audience is Li’s Social Technographics Ladder (Li and Bernoff, 2008). The ladder identifies people according to how they use social technologies, classified as creators, critics, collectors, joiners, spectators and inactives. Taken together, these groups make up the ecosystem that forms the groundswell. Each step on the ladder represents a group of consumers more involved in the groundswell than the previous steps. To join the group on a step, a consumer need only participate in one of the listed activities. Steven van Belleghem, from Vlerick Business School, has developed a three-step approach to setting up and managing a conversation on any level of the Technographics Ladder: observe the conversation you perceive as relevant as an organization, facilitate the conversation you want to create and join the conversation as a peer.

The authors of Groundswell suggest the POST approach for change, working with people (assess social activities of customers), objectives (decide what you want to accomplish), strategy (plan for how relationships with customers will change) and technology (decide which social technologies to use).

MODEL 6: Social Media ROI Pyramid, Jeremiah Owyang (2010)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can one measure the return on investment (ROI) of social media?

Applying the model may result in developing an overall dashboard for the organization to monitor progress of a company’s conversation strategy, or it can be used to help define which metrics need further refinement and how they connect with other metrics (as, for instance, used in a balanced scorecard) that measure success in corporate communications.

MODEL 7: Situational Crisis Communication Theory, Timothy Coombs (1995)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How should an organization communicate during a crisis?

Coombs distinguishes three clusters of crises:
Victim: Where the organization is a victim of the crisis (e.g. natural disasters, rumours) – minor reputational threat;
Accident: Where the organizational actions leading to the crisis were unintentional (e.g. equipment or product failure, accusations from external stakeholders) – medium reputational threat;
Intentional: Where the organization knowingly took inappropriate risk – major reputational threat.
identifying a limited set of primary crisis response strategies: Denial (attacking the accuser, denial of the story, scapegoating); Diminishment (offering excuses, justification of what happened); Rebuilding (compensation of victims, offering apologies, taking full responsibility).

MODEL 8: Communication and Employee Engagement, Mary Welch (2011)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How can employee engagement be strengthened through communication?

MODEL 9: Balancing Transparency, Piet Hein Coebergh and Edi Cohen (2009)
PROBLEM STATEMENT What is the optimum level of transparency for an organization?

When there is little transparency in a given environment, people find it difficult to trust each other and hesitate to behave flexibly. Conversely, redundant transparency results in people feeling over-monitored, making them feel mistrusted.

MODEL 10: The Blue Economy, Gunter Pauli (2010)
PROBLEM STATEMENT How do we turn poverty into development and scarcity into abundance with what we have?

This approach contrasts with the Red Economy (socialist planning, which didn’t work) and the Green Economy (which tends to require strong investments in unclear projects, benefiting only the happy few). The Blue Economy business model wants society to shift from scarcity to abundance ‘with what we have’, by tackling issues that cause environmental and related problems in new ways. The theory highlights benefits in connecting and combining seemingly disparate environmental problems with open-source scientific solutions based upon physical processes common in the natural world, to create solutions that are both environmentally beneficial and which have financial and wider social benefits. The concept of the Blue Economy is supported by the methodology of the Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives network (ZERI), including the following sets of instruments:
Five kingdoms of nature: bacteria, algae, fungi, animals, plants; a classification that is inspired by the work of biologist Lynn Margulis;
Five design principles, to work with these five kingdoms of nature (all following the key idea that there is no such thing as waste);
Five intelligences: emotional, academic, artistic, eco-literacy (systems thinking) and capacity to implement;
Twelve axioms of economics: principles of purpose, growth, productivity, cashflow, price, quality, competitiveness, place, innovation, diversification, management and thermodynamics.

More information can be found at www.zeri.org  The ZERI movement is engaged in a wide range of projects that are recorded and shared online through www.theblueeconomy.org.